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x^zTTT^OF ATHLETICS 



GENERAL RULES 



COMPELED 

FOR THE USE OF THE TROOPS 



MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC. 




PRINTED AT 

THE PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 

1881. 



LAWS OF ATHLETICS 



GENERAL RULES 




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COMPILED 

FOE THE USE OF THE TKOOPS 

IN THE 



MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC. 



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FEINTED AT 

THE PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 

1881. 






'7 



COPYSIGHT, 1881, 

By C. a. L. TOTTEN. 



^ 






PREFACE, 



The following compilation has been made for the 
use of troops in the Military Division of the Pacific by 
1st Lieutenant C. A. L. Totten, 4th Artillery, kindly 
assisted by Col. Horace Fletcher, Ordnance Officer, 
1st Division C. N. G., and president of the Olympic 
Athletic Club of San Francisco, Cal. It has been 
chiefly drawn from the standard authorities mentioned 
below : 

" General Rules and Laws of Athletics of the 
Olympic Athletic Club of San Francisco, Cal.;" " Hand- 
book of Gymnastics and Athletics," Ravenstine and 
Hulley ; ^^Laws of Athletics," by William Wood; 
"Walker's Manly Exercises," by Craven; "A Mili- 
tary System of Exercises," by Archibald Maclaren. 



INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 



Athletic contests had their origin among those 
ancient nations whose principal incentive was war. 
The habitual and almost exclusive use of " hand- 
weapons" in the close combat of ancient days, rendered 
strength, skill, and endurance so necessary to the in- 
dividual soldier as to excite an universal interest in 
all athletic efforts. The celebrated Grecian games were 
the outcome of this interest. Their periodic recurrence 
drew together the finest types of human development, 
and not only attracted their audiences from all other 
countries, but, gave to Greece, soldiers whose pre- 
eminence in arms secured that incredibly swift con- 
quest of the world to Alexander the Great. 

Modern warfare employs a far different class of 
arms than those used upon ancient battle-fields. Inven- 
tion and discovery have put into the hands of the 
soldier of to-day weapons that hurl bolts as deadly 
and unerring as were those of fabled Jupiter. They 
store for him an energy, the exercise and expenditure 
of which in some respects limit the demand upon his 
personal supply. 



The great strength, required in close personal combat, 
can in a large measure be dispensed with by skillfully 
educating the faculties which particularly govern " long 
range fire." ISTevertheless, activity, endurance, and in- 
deed perfect bodily culture, too much neglected in our 
system of military training, are important requisites 
in a modern army. As elements, their possession must 
ever go far toward insuring success to that contestant 
havtiig their advantage, over an adversary without it. 

Considering the results depending upon the Army, the 
demands it is expected to meet, and the care bestowed 
upon it, there is no community in which the cultivation 
of athletics is more necessary, or can be better pro- 
moted. It is a small body of well provided, healthy 
men, living much in the open air, and, when active 
operations commence, is always called upon to do, and 
is expected to do well, an immense amount of work. 
Yet the supply of surplus strength that the ordinary 
military pursuits are able to store up, is seldom such 
as to meet at once and fully the sudden and long con- 
tinued demands so often put upon it. This, however, 
is only the fault of the present military system, and is 
open to an immediate correction by the Army itself. 
Let the skill with which the modern soldier has learned 
to use his rifle, be supplemented by a proper cultiva- 
tion of bodily strength, and endurance. These re- 
quisites to military achievements will be as inevitably 
demanded of him upon the modern field of battle, as 
they ever were, of his ancient predecessor in arms, in 



the personal encounter. In their possession he will 
accomplish results otherwise impossible, and have, 
moreover, an invaluable reserve wherewith to meet 
whatever drain may come upon his powers. 

It is therefore proposed to invite attention, as the 
War Department has so often done before in a general 
way, to practical methods for the hardier physical de- 
velopment of our troops. Interest in athletic games 
throughout the United States is greater than ever 
before, and it can not be doubted but that military 
competitors, for athletic honors, can secure brilliant 
reputations, which will redound to the credit of the 
Army and the country. An interest to the individual 
soldier, and advantage to the service as great and wide 
spread as that in target practice, may soon be expected 
to grow out of such contests. The field of competition 
is infinitely broader, and the opportunities of excelling 
all the greater; hence results as honorable to the sol- 
dier and as beneficial to the Army as those it has so 
quickly won at Creedmoor may also be expected. 

Since fine perceptive faculties and strong nerves al- 
ways accompany activity and endurance, it necessarily 
follows that skill in rifle practice will be promoted by 
physical training. 

It is suggested that each company should have its 
record of vital statistics. In it the initiatory efibrt 
of every man who enters any of the games and trials 
of strength that compose the list of amateur athletics, 
should be recorded. Drills, out-of-door exercise, and 



games, can then be so appointed as to become a pleasure 
and a continuous course of physical training. Under 
such a system each month would bring progressive 
improvements. One day each year might then be set 
aside with advantage for an athletic tournament, to 
be assisted in, and supervised by commissioned officers. 
The records of the successful competitors should be care- 
fully noted and published. For the best exhibition of 
activity and strength let the prize be a certificate of 
the fact, with the details of the particular feat excelled 
in. This, and the official publication and honorable 
mention of successful competitors by Department and 
Division Headquarters and in the Army papers, ought 
to be an unfailing incentive to take part in exercises 
the benefit of which can not but soon become self-evi- 
dent and satisfying. The post carpenter and black- 
smith can make in a day all of the simple apparatus 
needed at such a tournament. The arrangements for 
a meeting can be as readily effected, and if the interest 
of but a single commissioned officer can be enlisted at 
each post, the success and perpetuity of the under- 
taking will be insured. 

It is only by progressive training, culminating in 
contests, that men can know themselves, and thus find 
out what they can do ordinarily, and what in an 
emergency ; what expenditure of energy may be called 
for, what military achievements they may undertake 
without failing, and finally, what amount of training- 
is required to fit them for their best efforts. 



EXTRACTS FROM HANDBOOK OF 
ATHLETICS. 



Hygiene. 

The healthful influence of athletics^ carried on with 
prudence and discretion, is generally acknowledged. 

Exercises act beneficially by inc]:easing the circula- 
tion of the blood ; but when the beatings of the heart 
become excessively rapid and irregular, care should be 
taken to avoid those exercises which produce these 
symptoms. In a healthy man, the heart is felt to beat 
two fingers breadth below the nipple of the left breast. 
Persons suffering from organic disease of the heart, 
and those of apoplectic habits, with short necks and 
an inclination to corpulency, should be specially care- 
ful, and take medical advice before exercising violently 
or entering into any contest of endurence. 

The breath should be properly regulated whilst un- 
dergoing exertion. Breathe slowly; thus the muscles 
of the belly become tense and fortify the ribs and 
pelvis. Failures in exercises are frequent, in conse- 
quence of not keeping the muscles of chest and belly 
sufiiciently tense, and accidents — such as rupture — are 
produced by exhaling at an improper time. By pro- 
ceeding gradually from easy to difficult exercises, this 
danger is avoided, and the athlete learns to breath 



correctly by habit. Exercises should never be carried 
far enough to produce panting or a pain in the side. 

The benefits of exercise upon the lungs are greatly 
increased by carrying them on in the open air. 

The amount of exercise beneficial to each particular 
individual varies. Excessive exercise causes a feeling 
of pain in the muscles, a feverish excitement of the 
nerves, and generally disturbs the health. ^ # ^ 
But not only excessi^'e exercise, but one-sided exercise 
is also injurious. , For instance, if one group or set of 
muscles is exercised to the exclusion of the others, 
they will only grow to a certain point, and then waste 
away. Make it a rule to bring as many muscles as 
possible into play, and to develop them harmoniously. 

The amount of clothing necessary varies according 
to temperature and individual constitution. Less 
clothing is required when exercising ; but as soon as 
the exertion is over, the heat of the body rapidly de- 
clines, and additional clothing should be put on. The 
practice of pulling off the shirt after the exercises are 
over, and washing the body down to the waist with 
cold water, should not be encouraged, as it is liable to 
induce chills. When returning from a walk, and if 
very warm, put on additional clothing until the normal 
heat of the body is restored, to prevent taking cold. 
It is very important that clothing, worn next the body, 
should be washed and changed frequently. 

Tight belts are positively injurious, for they press 
upon intestines, stomach, and liver, and do more injury 



10 

to the organs of digestion than can be made good by 
exercise. But a belt with elastic side-springs, which 
expands easily to the extent of six and more inches, 
may be worn with safety. 

Food and drink should never be taken immediately 
after exercise, nor should exercise be taken for some 
time after each meal. 

Of all drinks, pure water is the most wholesome. 
Take it frequently when necessary, but in small quan- 
tities, and not too cold. Water is i^ot liable to injure 
if exercise is continued afterwards. When taken freely 
while in a copious state of perspiration, the exercise 
should not be suddenly stopped. At such times it 
should be used with caution, and only in small quan- 
tity. 

Cleanliness. 
Every man, while training, should sponge the body 
daily from head to foot. With a weak constitution, 
tepid water and the use of a flesh brush or rough 
towel, so as to produce reaction on the skin, is the 
safest. 

Training. 

For men in the ordinary vocations of life the severe 
system generally pursued is not only irksome, but 
often injures the health, instead of improving it. A 
man should always be in fair training. Let him lead 
a life of temperance, let him carry on bodily exercises 
regularly, but without excess, and he will be prepared 



11 

at all times to enter himself for competitions. The diet 
should be plain, mixed vegetable and animal (with a 
certain amount of fat). Drink tea in moderation, 
water in plenty, but avoid spirits. Cleanliness must 
be carefully attended to. Exercise should be taken 
regularly, and those things should be practiced most 
frequently in which the athlete desires to compete, 
though not to the exclusion of other exercises. 

A Rule for Daily Routine, 

Get up at seven; take a sponge-bath and rub weir 
with a coarse towel. Then take the clubs or dumb-bells, 
or some other apparatus at hand, and work away for 
some minutes, introducing occasionally some exercise 
for the legs. Do not carry these exercises far enough 
to perspire, but should perspiration come on, rub down 
with a dry towel before dressing completely. 

After a few minutes interval devoted to reading or 
conversation, have breakfast, consisting of tea or coffee, 
with stale bread and butter, a couple of eggs, a chop, 
chicken, or steak. After breakfast proceed to your 
daily duties. 

Dine at one or two. The food may be underdone 
or not, according to taste, and a certain amount of 
fat is advisable. Meat baked, roas.ted or stewed is 
the most nourishing, and beef or mutton preferable 
to other kinds, though in all these things man requires 
variety. Bread and vegetables are essential. 



12 

The daily duties performed, go home, and at about 
six o^clock have tea, with some toast or bread and 
butter, a few radishes, etc. 

At about half-past seven walk four or five miles, 
alternate quarters rapidly till the last half mile, or go 
through such room exercises as are specially needed to 
increase the strength of certain muscles, or reduce the 
weight, resting after each exercise, and avoiding too 
much fatigue. When done, refresh the hands and face 
with water, and cool off gradually without exposure to 
draft. Take a light supper at ten o'clock. 

At half -past eleven prepare for bed. Change, of 
course, the under shirt, and before lying down rub 
with a dry towel. Have blankets sufficient to keep 
warm, but not more. 

If this is done twice a week, or at most three times, 
it is all that is needful. 

Pedestrians frequently suffer from sore feet and 
blisters. ^ ^ ^ It is a good plan to dip the feet 
in very hot water for one or two minutes before the 
start, then wipe them dry and rub with soft soap 
until there is a lather. At the close of the day, should 
the feet be sore, wipe them with a wet cloth, and 
rub them with bears grease, deers fat, tallow, soap or 
spirits. If blistered, pass a thread of silk through 
each, and tie the ends together to allow the fluid to 
ooze out. "When making a long halt in the middle of 
the day, take off boots and socks, and wash the feet in 
cold water. 



13 

Soft corns between the toes are best cured by using 
lunar caustic. 

When on the march or a pedestrian tour be careful 
of the diet, and do not eat too much, or too often. 
Never take spirits when exhausted, unless it be to 
wards the close of the day's work, hut some warm tea 
or coffee. Onions or garlic, chewed, is a good remedy 
against thirst. 

Running, 

The double-step of the soldier is that kind of running 
of the greatest service, and ought to be practiced when- 
ever there is an opportunity. One hundred and sixty- 
five short leaps are made in a minute, and allowing 
three feet to each leap, a mile is run in less than ten 
minutes and a half. Men not carrying arms and 
accoutrements can do more with ease, as a matter of 
course. In running the chest is kept steady; the 
breathing should be slow, the mouth closed, the arms 
are bent, and assist in the forward movement by 
swinging forwards. The legs must be raised as little 
as possible. 

Men, to run long distances, should increase the prac- 
tice gradually from day to day. Let them run five 
minutes the first few days, then ten, and so on, until 
they are able to run an hour (six miles) or more with- 
out losing their breath. Any man feeling the least 
pain in the side should come to a walk or stop alto- 
gether. 



14 

After the run most men will be perspiring, and must 
not be allowed to stand still. They should then be 
made to march at an ordinary pace for some fifteen 
minutes, and to wear away the tediousness of such a 
walk they should sing a chorus, or perform tacto- 
. gymnastical exercises. The run should not take place 
round and round the same place, but on different roads, 
fairly marked off each quarter of a mile. 



EXTEACTS FROM A MILITARY SYSTEM 

OF EXERCISES. 



Course for Recruits. 
The athletic training of recruits should commence 
simultaneously with the squad-drill without arms ; and 
in order that this shall not interfere with the pre- 
scribed musketry course, under ordinary circumstances 
recruits should not be given the musket for the first 
month after joining. During that time the training 
exercises are to form a component portion of the ordi- 
nary recruit drill. 

Running Drill. 
During the first fortnight the distance run is not to 
exceed from 300 to 500 yards. For the second fort- 
night the distance may be increased to 600 and 800, 



15 

and for the third fortnight to 900, at the end of which 
time the practice is to be carried on daily at 1,000 
yards, the men running, on alternate days, with arms 
and accoutrements. 

The pace is not to exceed six miles an hour. 

Care must be taken that men are not exercised at 
the full distance of 1,000 yards, until they shall have 
gone through from four to six weeks' preliminary prac- 
tice at the shorter distances. 

Where the ground will admit of it, the men may be 
run, 15 or 20 abreast, in single rank; otherwise by 
companies, in '' fours." 

Walking. 

A short course for walking and running should be 
formed, 100 yards long, and if possible 16 yards wide. 
There should be a permanent post at each end, and a 
permanent mark to ^^toe" at starting. 

The same course or practice ground will do for both 
walking and running, and the same manner and amount 
of instruction for the one, will in most instances be 
found suitable for the other. In all cases, as stated 
above, there should be a measured course of 100 yards, 
and, when practicable, a measured quarter, half, and 
whole mile. The first should be sufficiently broad for 
a squad of ten or fifteen men to walk or run abreast 
at open order, the second should be the breadth of an 
ordinary path. The initiatory practice in walking- 
should be on the first of these, and should be performed 



16 

quite irrespective of time, correct action and position 
being the sole points to be aimed at ; these acquired, 
the longer courses should be used. The mile has been 
walked in much less than seven minutes, but a mile 
in twelve minutes on the public highway is good 
walking. 

The same rules will apply to running; a correct 
action and position, quite irrespective of time, should 
first be obtained on the first course ; these should then 
be practised at half speed, and ultimately at the highest 
rate of speed. 

The race at half speed should be at the rate of about 
35 seconds to the 100 yards. It would be difiicult 
to over-estimate the practical value of running at half 
speed or the double step. 

The race at speed should be restricted to the 100 
yards, except in the free practice, which, after the 
necessary instruction, it is desirable to encourage. 

The race carrying weights or implements may be on 
any course, short or long, and with or without obstacles ; 
but in every case it must be undertaken carefully 
and thoughtfully, and only after practice at all the 
preceding. ^ * * But it should never be for- 
gotten that as this is essentially a practical exercise, 
the burden should be or should represent as closely as 
possible, an object likely to be used in the actual occu- 
pations of the soldier, such as a ladder, plank, pole, 
a round or other shot; and when fairly practiced in 
these, men should be taught to carry each other short 



17 

distances in the manner and positions causing the least 
fatigue and hindrance to progression. 

The race carrying arms and knapsack may be over 
a course of any length, and presenting obstacles of any 
kind, natural or artificial; in fact it should be prac- 
ticed o^er every course, and at all rates of speed, and 
should be. looked upon as the culminating exercise in 
walking and running, for in it may be represented the 
results of all previous practice and training. In the 
short or long walk or race on the level surface, the 
weapon should be borne at the " trail," and frequently 
changed from right to left ; in ascending an inclined 
ladder, in the right hand at the " carry;" and in vault- 
ing it should, previous to the vault, be carefully de- 
posited beyond the barrier, resting on the butt. The 
knapsack should never be moved from the back, but, 
in the long flat race, where its motion of rising and 
falling with the action of the body becomes oppressive, 
the hand not employed in carrying the weapon may be 
passed back under it to arrest this motion, or the sling 
of the rifle may be passed round the upper part of it, 
the butt upwards and the stock diagonally crossing it, 
the barrel being grasped near the muzzle. As in the 
race carrying weights, every change of position is a 
relief. 



18 



EXTRACTS FROM LAWS OF ATHLETICS. 



The important object of athletic education is not 
merely to furnish power to travel great distances, carry 
great burdens, or lift great weights; it is to develop 
that condition of body and amount of vital capacity 
which shall enable each man in his place to pursue his 
calling and work on in his working life, with the 
greatest amount of comfort to himself and usefulness 
to his fellow man. 

Physical Exercise and its Results upon Bodily 
Health. 

No man need at the present day apologize for the 
attention he may pay to athletic exercise. The time 
is past when men can be told that it is a needless 
waste of time to devote forty or sixty minutes out of 
the twenty-four hours in rowing, walking, running, or 
any other of the many exercises that will give tone 
and strength to the muscles. 

Preparation or training is to supply strength where 
there is weakness, not to develop any particular part 
of the system at the expense of the rest. It must be 
borne in mind that the true object of training is, and 
should be, not to afford proficiency in any one particu- 
lar kind of exercise, but to bring those important 
organs and muscles which are less directly engaged, in 



19 

the ordinary course of the exercise, into such a condi- 
tion as to enable them to support an unusual effort, or 
a strain such as they are quite unaccustomed to. 

That there may come great injury and permanent 
ailment from athletic games and exercises, when con- 
tinued beyond the power of endurance, there can be 
no doubt. But this arises only from inexcusable im- 
prudence. Fainting and pain in the heart or head, 
which comes at the very height of a severe strain 
upon endurance, does not come without premonition; 
and never when men have been properly trained and are 
in good condition. Athletics mean permanent health 
and strength, not lasting ailment and weakness; the 
former will surely come if only a progressive course 
of exercise is followed. 

Every thoughtful person must know that a sudden 
strain on the heart, particularly if the person is not 
in training (and here the great advantages of training 
are apparent), may be the cause of fatal trouble; the 
loss of blood from the lungs, which may occur, is the 
natural relief to the state of tension. There is also 
the important fact, that cannot be too often repeated, 
that long continued running or walking, if pursued to 
excess, can and will produce disease of the heart. In 
daily life we may be called upon at any moment to 
make an exertion which, if we are unprepared for, 
may be injurious. Therefore, every man should keep 
himself in such condition as to be prepared to bear 
the strains of ordinary life with indifference; and 



20 

though he may have no desire to be considered an 
athlete, he will perceive the salutary object which ath- 
letes have in view in training. 

Regimen, 
The food and fluids which are known to best im- 
prove the condition of the blood are beef, mutton, 
chicken, water, and tea, and as a rule they will agree 
with everyone's physical peculiarities. There are other 
requisites in training — sleep, air, bathing, clothing, 
etc. The duration of sleep must be left entirely to 
the demands of the system, and should not be inter- 
rupted. The want of physical exercise seems to pre- 
clude satisfactory sleep, while the athlete takes his 
eight hours, and awakes refreshed and strong. The 
necesssity of ventilation in the bedroom must be in- 
sisted upon by leaving the window open at the top at all 
seasons of the year. The cool or tepid bath has become 
essential to the comfort of most men; every athlete 
has some experience of its use after active exercise. 
Remember, this like other good things, must not be 
carried to excess. Cool water can generally be used 
with safety soon after walking, running, rowing, etc., 
while the body is warm and perspiring; but to guard 
against any danger, strip and rub dry, keeping up a 
brisk circulation — then the quick application of water. 

Sanitary Precaution, 
The dress should in every way be made to suit the 
freedom of movement which is required in w^alking, 



21 

running, rowing, etc. The principal point, and the 
one that demands your particular attention, is the 
prevention of cold directly after the exercise. A flan- 
nel wrapper, or overcoat, to wrap around the body and 
limbs, will answer. This is so important that no one 
in training should be without it. 

The sunlight exercises an important influence upon 
the growth and vigor of men. 

George SewardJs System of Training for Walking and 
Running, 

Rise between 6 and 7 a, m. — Sponge the body and 
rub dry. 

Exercise. — A brisk walk of from three to f[.ye miles 
according to the weather; wash, rub dry, and good 
hand friction. 

Breakfast at 8 or 8.30 — Oatmeal; mutton chop; 
broiled chicken; bread one day old; toast; tea. 

Exercise, 10.80. — Starting on a slow walk, increase 
the pace to a sharp run; go a good distance if the 
condition and weather will permit, always ending with 
a half mile at a moderate walk. 

Dinner at 1 p. m. — About the same as at breakfast, 
with the addition of some fresh vegetables, but spar- 
ingly. 

Exercise, 8.80. — Walking and running moderately, 
with a light dumb-bell in each hand ; occasionally 
drop the bells, and spurt a hundred yards or so. 



22 

Supper at 7. — Two fresh eggs, fresh berries or stewed 
gooseberries; with bread, toast and tea. 
Bed at 10. 

Swwiming. 

Swimming is not only useful in promoting great 
muscular strength, but has the happiest effect in tran- 
quilizing the nervous system. 

It is not only the most pleasurable exercise in sum- 
mer, but one of the most beneficial. 

A know^ledge of the art is so often important to the 
soldier in the discharge of his duties that it should be 
promoted by all in authority. 

While learning to swim with the sweep of the arm 
is with most persons attended with some difficulty, yet 
to swim by walking or treading the water demands no 
effort which the individual is not accustomed to make. 
There are but two requisites — confidence, and that the 
arms be kept under water. 

The mere act of swimming in itself is a perfectly 
simple operation, and can be acquired in a very few 
lessons. The pupil ought, in the first instance, to com- 
mence in water not deeper than his waist, into which 
he should walk gradually. The ordinary practice, and 
one which is unfortunately too often recommended and 
as often followed, of plunging in head-first, cannot be 
too severely condemned, for, apart from the danger of 
drowning, the shock to the system frequently produces 
an amount of discouragement and nervous trepida- 



23 

tion which require some time to overcome. When the 
pupil has advanced to the depth stated and there is no 
sense of fear, he may gradually immerse himself; this 
may be repeated a number of times. Next he should 
try to pick up some object from the bottom, and he will 
find this a very difficult task. The resistance of the 
water will, however, soon give him confidence in its 
buoyant properties. This experiment will soon prac- 
tically establish the fact in the mind of the pupil, that 
his body is lighter than water. After this he may ad- 
vance a little deeper, up to the armpits, and tread the 
water; after he feels how easy it is to do this, he must 
face the shore and place the hands, the fingers being 
close together, about four inches under water, leaning 
on the water with the palms, the hands being slightly 
concaved, and throw himself forward. He is im- 
mediately to sweep the hands around, forming a half 
circle, then drawing the elbows close to the body and 
the hands to the chest ; the legs, while doing this, must 
be drawn up ready for their next effort, the feet turned 
out; and again, as he projects his hands out in front, 
he must kick out the legs to their fullest extent, and 
wide apart ; then press them together at the end of the 
stroke and again draw up the feet. It is of the utmost 
importance, in striking out with the legs, that the feet 
be perpendiculur to the leg ; at the end of the kick the 
foot drops, so that in drawing the leg up again the 
insteps or upper part of the foot offers as little resist- 
ance as possible to the water. This action of the ankle 



24 

joint is absolutely necessary before perfection can be 
obtained. 

It is decidedly better to learn how to swim first in 
fresh water, because its buoyancy is less than that of 
salt-water, and thus a perfect confidence will be estab- 
lished under all contingencies. 

Treatment of the Apparently Drowned. 

Drain ofi*the water from chest and stomach. Strip 
the patient to the waist, and place him face downward, 
the pit of the stomach slightly raised above the level 
of the mouth; press forcibly upon the patient's back, 
to assist the discharge of the water. ' 

To create artificial breathing, turn the patient 
upon his back, with something beneath that will make 
the breast-bone the highest point of the body; kneel 
beside or astride the patient's hips, grasp the front 
part of his chest on either side of the pit of the 
stomach, resting the fingers along the spaces be- 
tween the short ribs, brace the elbows against the 
sides, and steadily grasping and pressing forward and 
upward, throw considerable weight upon the chest, 
gradually increasing the pressure while counting one — 
two — three — then suddenly let go with a final push. 
Hepeat these motions from five to ten times a minute. 

Use the same regularity as is seen in natural breath- 
ing. 

If another person be present, let him, with one 
hand, by means of a dry piece of linen, hold the tip of 



25 

the patient's tongue out of one corner of the mouth, 
and with the other hand grasp both wrists and pin 
them to the ground above the patient's head. 

Dry the patient as quickly as possible ; wrap him in 
blankets or woolen garments, and, as soon as he 
breathes, let him be kept perfectly quiet; provide free 
circulation of air; give weak brandy and water, a 
teaspoonful every five minutes during the first half- 
hour, and afterward occasionally as may seem ex- 
pedient. 

Avoid delay — a moment may turn the scale for life 
or for death. 

Prevent any crowding around the patient. 

Any time within two hours life may be restored, so 
do not be impatient. 

Beasons Against the Use of Tobacco. 

The tobacco habit is contagious; every smoker or 
chewer infects a number of others with a desire to 
follow his example ; thus the evil spreads. The aim 
and object of an athlete should be not only to promote 
his own health and strength, but also that of others, 
he should therefore discourage the use of tobacco in 
every way. t 

The habit injures the organs of respiration, disturbs 
the regular pulsation of the heart, and weakens to a 
very large extent the powers of endurance. 

The habit is a self-indulgence, and in direct conflict 
with the laws of physical training; it is inconsistent 



26 

with all rules and teachings upon health, strength, and 
lasting power. Those who indulge in it, know that it 
wastes time and money, affects the strength and voice, 
and leads to the violation of almost every one of 
Nature's laws. For these reasons it were best for men, 
whatever their duties may be, to give up the use of 
tobacco from this day forth and forever. Those who 
desire and whose duty it is, to excel in walking, run- 
ning, or rowing, or any other branch of athletics in 
which the chief essential of victory lies in the organs 
of respiration, Tnust give it up ; when once abandoned, 
they will never again desire to use the poison. 



By introducing the principle of " Handicapping " 
into amateur contests the interest in athletics has been 
greatly fostered. Few men can be induced to compete 
on equal terms with an athlete of marked superiority; 
but when a competent officer is authorized to handicap 
the competitors, each entry has a fair chance to win, 
and of the many who are thus induced to enter for 
thieir first public contest, not a few eventually become 
promising athletes. 

The athletic code is now so stringent as to exclude 
from the official "record^^ all irregular accomplishments. 
Great care must therefore be exercised in the arrange- 
ment of every athletic tournament, so as to leave no 



27 

doubt of the official recognition of such of its per- 
formances, as from their excellency might entitle a 
victor to a championship. In the following compilation 
the body of the rules are those that now govern all 
amateur competitions here and in England, and no 
deviation can be made from them without vitiating the 
" record." Those parts of the work that are included 
in brackets [ ], are explanatory, introduced for special 
military purposes, or are not yet formally adjudicated 
upon by the IS^ational Association. They are, however, 
drawn from standard athletic authorities, are recom- 
mended by the compilers, and, if they are hereafter 
made the received rules of each branch of the '' Ameri- 
can Army Athletic Association," all performances 
under them will be admitted, as such, into the athletic 
" record " alongside of those made by the National, 
Inter-Collegiate, Olympic, and other athletic Associa- 
tions. 

The adoption of the Creedmoor 100-yard target in 
base-ball, javelin, and grenade throwing for accuracy 
is an innovation, the fitness of Avhich, however, it is 
believed, will be apparent to all military men. It 
furnishes a direct standard of comparison with the 
ordinary target practice, is itself a well-known and 
authorized short range target, and carries into this class 
of games a system of marking the excellence of which 
has long been tlioroughly established. 



28 



RULES FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF 
ATHLETIC MEETINGS. 



Officers. 
The officers of an athletic meeting shall be : 
One Clerk of the Course, with assistants if necessary. 
One Starter. 

One Judge of Walking, with assistants if necessary. 
Three Time-keepers. 
Three Judges at the finish. 
Three Measurers. 
One Referee. 

Clerk of the Course. 

He shall record the name of each competitor who 
shall report to him. 

Shall give him his number for each game in which 
he is entered, and notify him before the start of every 
event in which he is engaged. 

The assistants shall do such portions of his work as 
he may assign to them. 

Starter. 

He shall have entire control of competitors at their 
marks. 

Shall strictly enforce Law No. 3, and shall be the 
sole judge of the fact as to whether or no any man has 



29 

gone over his marks. His decision in such cases shall 
be final and without appeal. 

Judge of Walking, 

He shall have entire control of competitors during 
the race ; shall strictly enforce Law No. 8, and his 
decision as to unfair walking shall be final and without 
appeal. 

The assistants shall do such portions of his work as 
he may assign to them. 

Scorer, 

He shall record the laps made by each competitor, 
and call them aloud when tallied, for the information 
of these contestants. 

He shall record the order of finishing, and the times 
of the competitors in walking or running races. 

The assistants shall do such portions of his work as 
he may assign to them. 

Time-keepers, 

Each of the three Time-keepers shall time every 
event, and in case of disagreement the average of the 
three shall be the official time. 

Time shall be taken from the flash of the pistol. 

Judges at the finish. 
Two shall stand at one end of the tape, and the third 
at the other. One shall take the winner, another the 
second man, and the other the third man ; they shall 



30 

also note the distances between the first three as they 
finish. 

In case of disagreement, the majority shall decide. 

Their decision as to the order in which the men 
finish shall be final and without appeal. 

Measurers. 

They shall measure and record each trial of each 
competitor in all games whose record is one of distance 
or height. 

Their decision as to the performance of each man 
shall be final and without appeal. 

Referee. 

He shall, when appealed to, decide all questions 
whose settlement is not otheswise provided for in 
these rules, and his decision shall be final and without 
appeal. 

Competitors. 

Immediately on arriving at the grounds, each com- 
petitor shall report to the clerk of the course, and re- 
ceive his number for the games in which he is entered. 

He shall inform himself of the times at which he 
must compete, and will report promptly at the start, 
without waiting to be notified. 

No competitor allowed to start without his proper 
number. 

Protests. 

Verbal protests can be made at or before any athletic 
meeting against a competitor or team, by any com- 



31 

petit or or club competing, but such protests must be, 
subsequently and before action thereon, made in writ- 
ing and sworn to, and duly presented to the Qualifica- 
tion Committee, under whose auspices the meeting is 
held ; it is, however, provided, that this committee re- 
serve to itself the power to disqualify any and all 
competitors without such protests, at any time, for 
such reasons as may seem to said committee good and 
sufficient. 

Inner Ground, 

No person whatsoever shall be allowed inside the 
track except the officials and properly accredited repre- 
sentatives of the press. 

The outhorized persons will wear a badge, and in- 
truders will be promptly ejected. Competitors not 
engaged in the game actually taking place, will not be 
allowed inside or upon the track. 

Track, 
The measurement of tracks shall be eighteen inches 
from the edge, which edge shall be a solid curb raised 
three inches above the level of the track. [When curbs 
are not practicable, flags and ropes should mark their 
place at the curves.] 

Important Definitions. 

Full Equijoments, 
[In all military competitions this term shall mean the 
full outfit of regulation arms, ammunition, accoutre- 



82 

ments, etc. It is sometimes known as ^^ heavy march- 
ing order." It shall weigh, all told, not less than 
sixty pounds. 

Where the regulation equipment is of less or greater 
weight, the competitor shall have his load handicapped 
to the standard. Additional weights are to be carried 
in some approved military manner.] 

A Record. 

[" Only such feats as are accomplished in public 

matches, or meetings, and the genuineness of which is 

attested by properly constituted judges and officials, 

are entitled to a place on record."] — Laws of Athletics. 

Fair Heel-and-toe Walking. 
[^' Walking is a succession of steps not leaps, and 
with one foot always on the ground. By the term 'fair 
heel-and-toe' is meant that, as the foot of the rear leg 
leaves the ground, and before the toes have been lifted, 
the heel of the foremost foot should be on the ground."] 
—Chas. Westhall. 

An Amateur. 
["An amateur is a person who never competed in 
any open competition, or for a stake, or for public 
money, or for gate money, or under a false name ; or 
with a professional, for a prize or where gate money is 
charged ; nor has ever, at any period of his life, taught 
or pursued athletic exercises as a means of livelihood."] 
— Laws of A thletics. 



33 



STAl^DAED ATHLETIC EXERCISES IN 
GENERAL. 



The 100-yards Dash. 
Running 220 yards. 

" 880 " 
" one mile. 
" three miles. 
Walking one mile. 

" three miles. 
High Jump, standing. 
" running. 

Broad Jump, standing. 
" running. 

The Window Leap. 
Three or more Standing 

Jumps. 
The Hop, Step, & Jump. 
The Hitch and Kick. 
Hurdle Racing, 120 yards, 
10 hurdles. 



Vaulting. 

Pole Leaping, high. 

" broad. 

Putting the Shot, 161bs. 
Throwing the Hammer, 

16 lbs. 
Throwing the 56-pound 

Weight. 
Throwing the Baseball, 

distance. 
Throwing the Baseball, 

accuracy. 
Climbing the Rope. 
Chinning the Bar. 
Putting up the 56-pound 

Weight. 
Tug of War. 



Miscellaneous Athletic Contests, 



Bag Race. 
Wheelbarrow Race. 
Obstacle Race. 



Three-legged Race. 
Hop Race. 
Tub Race. 



34 

Military. 
Throwing the Javelin, distance. 
" accuracy. 

Standing Jump, w ^ 'q \ f^H equipments 

Running Jump, w 'i 

100-yards Dash, full equipments. 

440-yards Race, " 

One-mile Race, " 

Obstacle Race (120 yards), full equipments. 

Rolling the Artillery Wheel (100-yards race). 



Push Ball. 
Club Ball. 
Base Ball. 
Foot Ball. 



Games. 

The Cock Fight. 
Prisoners' Base. 
Hare and Hounds. 



LAWS OF ATHLETICS. 



I. 

A tteMdants. 

No one shall accompany a competitor on the scratch 

or in the race. 

II. 

Starting Signals. 

All races (except time handicaps) shall be started 



35 

by report of pistol — the pistol to be fired so that its 
flash may be visible to the time-keepers. 

A snap cap shall be no start. 

There shall be no recall after the pistol is fired. 

Time handicaps shall be started by the word " go." 

III. 

Starting. 

When the Starter receives a signal from the Judges 
at the finish that everything is in readiness, he shall 
direct the competitors to get on their marks. Any 
competitor starting before the signal, shall be put back 
one yard. 

For the second ofiense, another yard, and for the 
third shall be disqualified. He shall be held to have 
started when any portion of his body touches the 
ground in front of his mark. 

Stations count from the inside. 

IV. 

Keeping proper Course. 
In all races on a straight track, each competitor 
shall keep his own position on the course from start 
to finish. 

V. 
Change of Course. 
In all races on other than a straight track, a com- 
petitor may change towards the inside whenever he is 
two steps ahead of the man whose path he crosses. 



36 

VI. 
Fouling, 
Any competitor shall be disqualified for willfully 
jostling, running across, or in any way impeding an- 
other. 

YII. 

Finish. 
A thread shall be streched across the track at the 
finish, four feet above the ground. It shall not be 
held by the judges, but fastened to the finish posts on 
either side, so that it may always be at right angles to 
to the course and parallel to the ground. The finish 
line is not this thread, but the line on the ground 
drawn across the track from post to post, and the 
thread is intended merely to assist the judges in their 
decision. The men shall be placed in the order in 
which they cross the finish line. 

VIII. 
Heats. 
[If races are run in heats, the two best in each trial 
heat shall run in the deciding heat.] 

IX. 

Walking. 

The judges shall caution for any unfair walking, and 
the third caution shall disqualify the ofiender. 

On the last lap an unfair walker shall be disqualified 
without previous caution. 

[Walking is not so acceptable for amateur com- 



37 

petitions as running, principally in consequence of the 
disputes likely to arise should one of the competitors 
begin to run.] 

X. 

Hurdles. 

The regular hurdle race shall be 120 yards over ten 
hurdles, each three feet six inches high. 

The first hurdle shall be placed fifteen yards from 
the scratch, and there shall be ten yards between each 
hurdle. 

There may be (by special announcement) hurdle 
races of different distances and different number and 
height of hurdles. 

[Hurdles must be cleared with a jump; touching the 
hands to the hurdle is a " foul," and disqualifies the 
offender.] 

XI. 

Military Races. 
[These shall be in " full equipments," and shall in- 
clude the 100-yard dash, the 440-yard run, and the 
one mile run ; they shall in other respects be governed 
by the laws for free racing.] 

XII. 

Rolling the Artillery Wheel. 

[The race shall be for 100 yards. The wheel shall 
be that of the 12-Pounder Field Carriage, and shall 
weigh 180 pounds. 

Competitors and wheels shall stand toeing and tan- 



38 

gent to the scratch at the start, and should be at 10 

yard intervals. The wheels may be handled at will. 

The race should be governed by laws II, III, TV, 

and YL] 

XIII. 

Jumping. 

'No weights or artificial aid will be allowed in any 
jumping contests, except by special agreement or 
announcement. 

When weights are allowed there shall be no restric- 
tion as to size, shape or material. 

[The ground must be -^ level."] 

XIV. 

Running High Jumj). 

The height of the bar at starting and at each suc- 
cessive elevation, shall be determined by a majority of 
the qualified competitors. 

In case of a tie, the referee shall decide. 

Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor 
shall make one attempt in the order of his name on 
the programme, and those who have failed, if any, 
shall have a second trial in regular order, and those 
failing on this trial, shall then take their final trial. 

Displacing the bar, counts as a ^^ try." 

Three balks shall count as a '^ try." 

A competitor may omit his trial at any height, but 
if he fail at the next height he shall not be allowed to 
go back and try the height which he omitted. 



39 



XV. 

Pole Leaping. 

The law for this game shall be the same as that for 
Running High Jump. 

[The uprights should be 9 feet apart, and the bar 
be placed upon pins that project two inches. Com- 
petitors may provide their own poles, which should be 
of good pine, iron shod at one end, 10 (30 12 feet long, 
and IJ inches thick.] 

XVI. 
Standing High Jump. 

The competitors may stand as they please, but must 
jump from the first spring. 

The height of the bar at starting and at each suc- 
cessive elevation, shall be determined by a majority of 
the qualified competitors. In case of a tie, the Heferee 
shall decide. 

Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor 
shall make one attempt in the order of his name on 
the programme, then those who failed, if any, shall 
have a second trial in regular order, and those failing 
on this trial, shall then take their final trial. 

Displacing the bar and nothing else, counts as a 
^*try." 

A competitor may omit his trial at any height, but 
if he fails at the next height, he shall not be allowed 
to go back and try the height which he omitted. 



40 

XVII. 

Running Broad JuTup. 

The competitor shall have unlimited run, but must 
take off behind the scratch. 

Stepping any part of the foot over the scratch in 
an attempt shall be "no jump," but shall count as a 
"try." 

Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best 
three men have three more trials each. 

Each competitor shall be credited with the best of 
all his jumps. 

The measurement shall be from the scratch line in 
front of the jumper's feet to the nearest break of the 
ground made by any part of his person. 

Three balks shall count as a " try." 

XVIII. 

Standing Broad Jump. 

Competitors must jump from the first spring. 

Stepping any part of the foot o^er the scratch in 
an attempt shall be " no jump," but shall count as a 
"try." 

Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best 
three men have three more trials each. 

Each competitor shall be credited with the best of 
all his jumps. 

The measurement shall be from the scratch line in 
front of the jumper's feet, to the nearest break of the 
ground made by any part of his person. 



41 

XIX. 

Three or more Consecutive Standing Jimips, 
[The law for this game shall be the same as that for 
the Standing Broad Jump.] 

XX. 

Hop, Stej), and Jump. 

[The law for this game shall be the same as that for 
the Running Broad Jump. 

In the hop the competitor must spring and alight on 

the same foot, pass to the other in making the step, 

and finally alight on both feet in terminating with the 

jump.l 

XXI. 

Vaulting. 

[This is best practiced at a wooden wall, the upper 
board sliding in grooves, and being pegged tightly at 
each height.] 

The wall must be fairly cleared. No part of the 
body save the hands may touch it. The law governing 
the game is in other respects similar to that for the 
Standing High Jump. 

XXII. 
The Window Leap. 
[This is a leap between two horizontal bars, the upper 
of which gradually closes towards the other. 

The height of the upper bar at starting, and at each 
successive variation, shall be determined by a majority 
of qualified competitors. In case of a tie, the Beferee 



42 

shall decide. The height of the lower bar shall remain 
at two feet. 

The law governing the trials is the same as that for 
the Running High Jump.] 

XXIII. 

Military Jumps. 
[These are Standing or Running, High and Broad, 
and shall always be in " full equipment." The laws 
governing them, shall be in all other respects the same 
as those for the corresponding free jumps.] 

XXIY. 
Hitch and Kick. 

[Same resonant object is suspended from the bar 
employed in the High Jumps, and kicked at suc- 
cessively by the competitors.] 

The height of the object at starting, and at each 
succeeding elevation, shall be decided by the majority 
of qualified competitors. 

In case of a tie, the Referee shall decide. 

Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor 
shall make one attempt in the order of his name on 
the programme, then those who have failed, if any, 
shall have a second trial in regular order, and those 
failing on this trial shall then take their final trial. 

The competitors must spring, kick, and alight on the 
same foot. The run is unlimited. 

Springing and kicking without touching the object 
kicked at, counts as a ^^ try." 



43 

Three balks count as a ^^try." 

Touching the object with the foot or any part 
of the leg below the knee, counts as a fair kick, and 
nothing else. 

XXV. 

Putting the Shot. 

The shot shall be a solid iron sphere weighing six- 
teen pounds. 

It shall be put from the shoulder with one hand, 
from between two parallel lines seven feet apart. 

Touching the ground outside either line with any 
part of the person before the shot alights, shall make 
the attempt "no put," which counts as a "try." 

Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best 
three men have three more trials each. 

Each competitor shall be credited with the best of 
all his puts. 

The measurement shall be from the nearest break of 
the ground made by the ball, perpendicularly to the 
scratch line, extended, if necessary, to meet this per- 
pendicular. 

XXYI. 
Throwing the Hammer, 

The hammer head shall be a solid iron sphere, weigh- 
ing sixteen pounds; the handle shall be of hickory 
wood, and the length of the hammer and handle, over 
all, shall be three feet six inches. 

The competitor shall stand at, and behind the scratch, 



44 

facing as he please, and throw with either or both 
hands. 

Touching the ground in front of the scratch with 
any portion of the person before the hammer alights, 
shall make the attempt "no throw," which counts as 
a " try." 

Letting go of the hammer in an attempt, counts as 
a "try." Each competitor allowed three trials each. 
Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all 
his throws. 

If the head strike first, the measurement shall be 
from the nearest break of the ground made by it. 

If the handle strike, one length of the handle shall 
be allowed from the mark made by the end of the 
handle toward the mark made by the head of the ham- 
mer, and the measurement shall be from this point. 

The measurement shall be to the scratch line half 
way between the thrower's feet. 

[When a run is allowed, it shall not be limited either 
before or after the throw, and the distance shall be 
measured from the toe of the foremost foot immediately 
before, or at the time of the delivery, to the pitch of 
the hammer.] 

XXVII. 
Throwing Fifty-six Pound Weight. 

This shall be of solid iron, and any shape of weight 
and handle is allowed, provided, the whole weight is 
fifty-six pounds. 

The competitor shall stand at and behind the scratch, 



45 

facing as he please, grasping the weight by the handle, 
and shall throw it with one hand. 

Touching the ground in front of the scratch with 
any portion of the person before the weight alights, 
shall make the attempt " no throw," which counts as 
a "try.'' 

Letting go of the weight in an attempt shall count 
as a " try." 

Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best 
three men have three more trials each. 

Each competitor shall be credited with the best of 
all his throws. 

The measurement shall be from the scratch line in 
front of the thrower's left foot, to the nearest break of 
ground made by the weight exclusive of the handle. 

XXYIII. 

Throwing the Javelin, 
[The standard weight of the javelin or pilum shall 
be four pounds. The shaft shall be of ash ; it shall 
measure seven feet in length, and be one and one- 
quarter inches in diameter. The end of the shaft shall 
be finished with a brass cap or ferrule, beyond which a 
stout wrought iron pin or head shall project not more 
than one inch. The counterpoise shall be cylindrical, 
and shall be formed by wrapping a belt of sheet lead, 
five inches wide, around the staff. It shall be so 
located as to leave three clear inches of the staff be- 
tween it and the head, and only enough lead to raise 



46 

the finished pilum to the standard weight shallbe so 
employed.] 

XXIX. 
Throwing the Javelin for Accuracy. 

[The target shall be the 100-yard Creedmoor target. 
It shall be made of wood, and be located fifteen yards 
from the scratch. 

Each competitor is allowed a string of five throws, 
the results of which are to be scored in Creedmoor 
style. Passing beyond the scratch is " foul," and shall 
count as a "miss."] 

XXX. 

Throwing the Javelin for Distance. 

[An unlimited run is allowed, provided the pilum is 
delivered before crossing the scratch. 

Touching the ground in front of the scratch while 
holding the pilum is " no throw," and counts as a "try." 
Each competitor is allowed three trials, and the best 
three men have three more trials each. 

Each competitor is credited with the best of all his 
throws. 

Measures are from the fall of the head, perpen- 
dicularly back to the scratch.] 

XXXI. 

Throwing the Base Ball for Accuracy. 
The ball shall be of regulation size and weight. 
[The target shall be the 100-yard Creedmoor target. 



47 

It shall be made of wood, and be located one hundred 
feet from the scratch. 

A string of ten throws is allowed to each com- 
petitor, the result of which shall be scored in Creed- 
moor style. Passing beyond the scratch is '^ foul," and 
shall count as a "miss." Ties shall throw another 
string of ten balls.] 

XXXII. 

Throwing the Base Ball for Distance. 

An unlimited run is allowed, but the ball must be 
delivered before crossing the scratch, or the " foul " be 
regarded as a " t^'J-" 

Three trials are allowed to each competitor, the best 
three having three other and final trials. Each com- 
petitor is credited with the best of all his throws. 

The measure shall be from the point of fall to the 
scratch, and not from the dead ball, thereto. 

XXXIII. 

Throwing the Hand Grenade. 
[A grenade made on the principle of the '^ Ketchum 
Hand Grenade" (with the charge removed) shall be 
used. A small barb may be screwed into the fuse 
plug. It shall be thrown for accuracy and distance. 
The same rules shall govern the game as in throwing 
the base-ball. In throwing for accuracy the distance 
shall by thirty feet. The weight of the grenade shall 
be eight pounds over all.] 



48 

XXXIV. 

Climbing the Hope. 
[The rope, say fifty-seven feet long, should be sus- 
pended from the cross-trees of the flagstaff. Com- 
petitors are allowed to use hands and feet, but may 
not rest themselves by slinging the rope around any 
part of their person, nor can any competitor be per- 
mitted to ascend a second or third time if he puts his 
foot to the ground, or does not come down hand over 
hand. The staff is marked off in feet, beginning seven 
feet from the ground.] 

XXXV. 

Tug of War, 

1. The ground shall be loosened to the width of 
three feet, and to a depth of not less than six inches. 

2. The side crease shall be twelve feet from the 
centre. 

3. The mark on the rope must be over the centre 
crease when the signal is given, and the team hauling 
that mark over the crease on its own side, shall win. 

4. No footing holes shall be made before the start. 

5. The contestants shall not wear spikes. 

6. The rope shall be one and one-half inches in 
diameter. 

7. Immediately before the contest, the captains of 
all the contesting teams shall draw their members. 

8. Not less than five minutes shall be allowed each 
team between heats. 



49 

9. Captains shall toss for choice of sides before each 
pull, but if the same two teams pull more than once 
during any meeting, they shall change ends at each 
successive pull. 

10. With two teams, they shall pull the best two in 
three. With three teams, one and two shall pull, 
then two and three and three and one. 

With four teams, one and two shall pull, then three 
and four, and the winners pull the final. 

With five teams — first round, one and two, three 
and four, five has a bye; second round, winner of 
first heat pulls with five, and the winner of this heat 
pulls the final with the winner of the second heat of 
first round. 

Where more than six teams are entered, the arrange- 
ment of trials shall be on the same principle as in the 
above examples. 

11. No man shall be substituted for another who 
has already pulled in one trial, nor shall any man be 
allowed to pull with more than one team in any of the 
trials for the same prize. 

12. A time limit may be made. 

13. The weights in the tug of war shall be: 

Feather weight, 125 lbs. and under. 
Light weight, 150 lbs. and under. 
Middle weight, 175 lbs. and under. 
Heavy weight, over 175 lbs. 

14. All weights shall be stripped. 



50 

XXXVI. 

Contests of Special Skill, 
Sparring, fencing, wrestling, etc., are arts requiring 
special instructors, and should generally be left to 
special competitions, and their exhibition governed by 
the standard amateur codes. 

XXXVII. 

Putting up the 56-pound Weight. 
[The weight shall be lifted from the ground in both 
hands, and raised to the height of the shoulder. It 
shall then be put up to the arm's full length with one 
hand (body erect), lowered to shoulder-height; and, 
without a rest, again put up, and so on, at the rate of 
not less than fifteen times per minute. Competitors 
shall have but one trial each, which shall be made in 
the order of their names upon the programme.] 

XXXVIII. 

Chinning the Bar, 
[The height of the bar shall be such that the tallest 
competitor will need a low stool to reach it. The sup- 
port will be removed at the first rise of each competi- 
tor, and an indicator set for his toes to touch when at 
arm's length. Each legitimate lift shall be from arm's 
full length to chin over the bar. Each competitor 
shall have but one trial, to be made in the order of 
his name on the programme. The weights of com- 
petitors shall be classified as in the Tug of War, and 



51 

may be stripped. Each competitor shall be credited 
with his number of full lifts.] 

XXXIX. 

Marking, 

[For the various purposes of classification, and gen- 
eral comparison, the following system of marking 
athletic performances is proposed. A simple examin- 
ation of this code will show that any one who has 
a rightful claim to more than ordinary skill at par- 
ticular athletic sports, should be able to score therein, 
upon this system, anywhere from one to five marks. 
A failure to score even a single mark at any partic- 
ular game is evidence of no special aptitude. A score 
of ten marks upon this system has never yet been 
made at any of the games below enumerated, and 
while such a score is certainly possible, it will be hard 
to attain, and it is highly improbable that it will ever 
be exceeded. 

Scores of eight, and in some games nearly nine, 
marks, are at present the highest that have ever been 
made, and correspond to the "best -in -the -world" 
records of champion athletes. Ten marks may, there- 
fore, be safely regarded as the "best possible" score at 
each of the following games, and two hundred marks, 
equal to one hundred per cent., the best at the whole 
twenty. 

It must be noticed that " marks " serve for a pur- 
pose entirely different from that accomplished by the 



52 

''record^'' strictly so called; the latter is always im- 
perative, and from it scores can readily be obtained. 

When " full equipments " are carried, the limits 
given below from which the ''' marking " commences 
shall be one-half lower for distance or height compe- 
titions, and one-half greater for those of time. Scores 
will be estimated from the new limits on the regular 
scale. 

Pedestrianism, 

100-yard dash. — 1 mark for every second short of 18 
seconds. 

Half mile race. — 1 mark for every 8 seconds short 
of 3 minutes. 

1 mile walk. — 1 mark for every 30 seconds short of 
11 minutes. 

Jumping. 

High jump, standing, — 1 mark for every 3 J inches 
above 37 inches. 

High jump, running. — 1 mark for every 3|^ inches 
above 42 inches. 

Broad jump, standing. — 1 mark for every 9 inches 
beyond 7 feet. 

Broad jump, running. — 1 mark for every 18 inches 
beyond 11 feet. 

Pole jumping. — 1 mark for every 9 inches above 5 
feet. 

Hop, step, and jump, running. — 1 mark for every 
2 feet beyond 30 feet. 



58 

Hurdle race. — 1 mark for every second short of 24 
seconds. 

Hitch and kick. — 1 mark for every 7 inches above 
5 feet. 

Throwing. 

Putting the shot, 16 pounds. — 1 mark for every 3 
feet beyond 25 feet. v 

Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds. — 1 mark for every 
10 feet beyond 50 feet. 

Throwing the 56-pound weight. — 1 mark for every 
18 inches beyond 18 feet. 

Throwing the base-ball. — 1 mark for every 18 feet 
beyond 250 feet. 

Accuracy. 

Throwing the base-ball. — 1 mark for every 2 points 
over 30 points (Creedmoor). 

Throwing the javelin. — 1 mark for every point over 
15 points (Creedmoor). 

Climbing, 
127 feet of rope. — 1 mark for each 10 feet beyond 
the first 27 feet. 

Lifting. 

Chinning the bar. — 1 mark for every 2 lifts after 10 
lifts. 

Putting up the 56-pound weight. — 1 mark for every 
8 puts after the first 10 puts.] 



54 

XL. 

Classification, 

The best score, in each game, obtained by any in- 
dividual member of a company, regiment, etc., shall be 
the score of that company, regiment, etc., in each game. 

Any individual who shall obtain in a regular tourna- 
ment or meeting a score of at least one mark in each 
of the above games, and a total score of 100 marks in 
all of them, shall be termed a ^' Champion of General 
Athletics," and be entitled, as such, to a '' Prize Cer- 
tificate." 

Champions of General Athletics shall rank according 
to their scores, the one having the highest score being 
" The Champion General Athlete." 

Any individual who, at a regular tournament or 
meeting, obtains a score of at least one mark, each, in 
any one of the Pedestrian, ^yq of the Jumping, two 
of the Throwing, one of the Accuracy, and in either 
one of the Climbing or Lifting games, and whose aggre- 
gate in such ten games shall equal 50 marks, shall be 
termed a " General Athlete," and be entitled, as such, 
to a " Prize Certificate." 

Any individual the aggregate of whose best scores at 
all the foregoing games shall equal or exceed 50 marks, 
made in regular tournament or meeting, shall be termed 
"An Athlete." 

" Athletes " shall be divided into classes as follows : 

1st class Athletes. — Whose score is 100 marks or 
over. 



65 

2d class Athletes. — Whose score is 75 to 99 marks. 
3d class Athletes. — Whose score is 50 to 74 marks. 
And members of each class shall be entitled, as 
such, to '^ Prize Certificates." 



OUT-OF-DOOR GYMNASIUM. 



We shall limit ourselves in this connection to the 
description of but four species of apparatus, viz: the 
horizontal bar, the parallel bars, the leaping pole, 
and vaulting horse. These are by far the most use- 
ful of the various gymnastic appliances Upon them 
some fifty or more standard and fundamental exer- 
cises, which range in their scope over the development 
of most all of the more important muscles of the body, 
may be practiced ; and with them, and the simple 
outfit for field athletics, already described, the soldier 
fitting himself for the perfect discharge of his duties, 
and the lover of manly sports, can find ample oppor- 
tunity for the highest physical improvement. 

The Horizontal Bar, 

The bar may be either permanently fixed, or be 
arranged for adjustment at any suitable height. 

When the bar is to be permanently fixed three posts 
will be found very convenient. In this case one post 
should be somewhat lower than the other two. These 



56 

posts should be in line and be fixed in the ground some 
six feet apart. The height of two of them may be 
from six to seven feet, and that of the third (which 
should be in the prolongation of the other two) from 
four to ^ve feet. A bar is extended across the tops of 
the two higher posts, and another from the top of the 
lower post to the corresponding height in the middle 
post. The bars may be of wrought iron, but hickory 
is generally employed, and upon the whole more suit- 
able. They should be smooth, round, and some two and 
three-quarter inches in diameter. The posts should be 
about eight inches square, and be so fixed as to with- 
stand any amount of work on the bars without being 
loosened in the ground. 

If the bar is to be adjustable, but two high posts 
are needed. They should be of the dimensions above 
given, and be fixed at the same distance apart. Pre- 
vious to being placed in position, a groove about six 
feet long should be cut through each post to about 
eighteen inches from the ground. 

About twelve or fourteen holes should be bored 
through the posts, for iron pins to keep the bar at the 
required height. The bar should have the same dimen- 
sions as in the first case, but be provided in addition 
with a shoulder at each end to rest firmly against each 
post. 

The Parallel Bars. 

Four posts should be fixed in the ground perpen- 
dicular on the inside, eighteen or twenty inches apart 



57 

at the ends, and about ^ve feet six inches apart length- 
ways, which will give the form of a parallelogram. 
These posts should be about four feet high, made 
strongly, and as near the same size as possible. 

The bars may be of elm, or other strong hard wood, 
free from knots, and should extend about a foot beyond 
the posts at each end, which will make them seven feet 
six inches long."^ They should not be perfectly round, 
but slightly flattened on both sides, and about two and 
one-half inches in the longest cross dimension ; their 
ends should be slightly rounded to lit the hollow of the 
hand. 

The Leaping Pole. 

This should be of a tough springy wood, about two 
inches in diameter and from 8 feet to 10 feet long, 
perfectly smooth, and shod with iron at the butt or 
lower end. 

The exercises with the leaping pole may almost be 
viewed as belonging to recreative rather than sys- 
tematized exercise, being essentially for the open air, 
and among the few which may be left for free practice, 
after the learner has acquired a knowledge of the 
action and position of the different exercises. They 
are valuable as giving precision to the eye and hand, 
the power of calculating distance, and of rapidly 
determining the moment for executing a complicated 

* [By introducing two additional posts in the prolongation of each 
side pair, the length of the apparatus may of course be doubled.] 



58 

movement, with the presence of mind to execute it, in 
addition to the physical exercise of the run and leap, 
the balance and descent. 

The Vaulting Horse. 
This machine should be formed from a block of 
hard wood, about 5 feet 3 inches long, 14 inches broad 
and 11 inches deep, the top being rounded off to a 
semi-circular shape and the section of the ends worked 
off to a semi-circle. The sides and top should both be 
hollowed out towards the centre, where a section would 
be a flattened semi-circle, 12 inches by 9 inches. The 
object is to make the body of such a shape, by care- 
fully rounding every possible angle and projection, 
that whether the horse be used from the sides or from 
the croup, nothing but the most convenient surfaces 
for the hands shall be presented. The body should be 
rubbed smooth with sand paper, and the top and sides 
should be covered with strong leather, the upper por- 
tion being slightly stufled with horsehair. The sup- 
ports or legs may be formed with two deal standards 
at each end, 3 J inches by 2 inches, and 10 inches apart 
from out to out at the top, under the end of the horse, 
spreading to 2 feet 4 inches at the bottom, and resting 
upon a plate 5 inches by 3 inches and 3 feet long, 
firmly screwed to the floor or pinned to the ground. 
The standards should also spread longitudinally beyond 
the ends of the body. 



59 



GAMES. 



In alluding to games, Ravenstein and Hulley, in their 
" Handbook of Gymnastics and Athletics," remark that 
" A course of physical education cannot be considered 
complete without a liberal introduction of games. The 
number of athletic games is large, but it is better to 
comfine one's self to a few, and to attain perfection in 
these than to practice many and remain a novice in 
all." 

We shall therefore limit our description to a few of 
the best, choosing, particularly, such as may be par- 
ticipated in by a large number of men at once. 

Besides the national game of base-ball, — the rules of 
which are too well known to require any repetition, — 
there are several other standard ones involving not 
only a considerable exercise of athletic skill, but the 
play of which is full of interest and healthy excite- 
ment. Among these the following may be noticed : 

Foot-hall 
[Sides having been chosen, the ball is delivered in 
the middle of the play ground, and each side then 
endeavours to drive it through the goal of the other 
side. The rules adopted by the Foot-ball Association 
are as follows. 




Toucli Line, 

1. The maximum length of the ground shall be 200 
yards ; the maximum breadth shall be 100 yards; the 
length and breadth shall be marked off with flags. 

2. The winner of the toss shall have the choice of 
goals. The game shall be commenced by a place-kick 
from the centre of the ground by the side losing the 
toss. The other side shall not approach within ten 
yards of the ball until it is kicked off.] — Handbook of 
Gymnastics and Athletics. 



[The following revised and latest laws of foot-ball are 
those adopted by the Rugby Union: 

1. A drop-hich or drop, is made by letting the ball 
fall from the hands, and kicking it at the very instant 
it rises. 

2. A place-hich or place, is made by kicking the ball 
after it has been placed in a nick made in the ground 
for the purpose of keeping it at rest. 

3. A punt is made by letting the ball fall from the 
hands, and kicking it before it touches the ground. 

4. Each goal shall be composed of two upright posts 
exceeding eleven feet in height from the ground, and 



61 

placed eighteen feet six inches apart, with a cross-bar 
ten feet from the ground. 

5. A goal can only be obtained by kicking the ball 
from the field of play direct (without touching the 
ground, or the dress or person of any player of either 
side) over the cross-bar of the opponents' goal, whether 
it touch such cross-bar or the posts or not; but if the 
ball goes directly over either of the goal-posts, it is 
called a poster, and is not a goal. A goal may be 
obtained by any kind of kick except a punt. 

6. A try is gained when a player touches the ball 
down in his opponent's goal. 

7. A match shall be decided by a majority of goals, 
but if the number of goals be equal, or if no goal be 
kicked by a majority of tries, or if no goal be kicked 
or try obtained, the match shall be drawn. When a 
goal is kicked from a try, a goal only is scored. 

8. The ball is dead when it rests absolutely motion- 
less on the ground. 

9. A touch down is when a player, putting his hand 
upon the ball on the ground in touch or in goal, stops 
it so that it remains dead or fairly so. 

10. A tachle is when the holder of the ball is held 
by one or more players of the opposite side. 

11. A scriTriTnage takes place when the holder of 
the ball being in the field of play puts it down on the 
ground in front of him, and all who ha^'e closed round 
on their respective sides endeavor to push their op- 



62 

poneDts back, and by kicking the ball to drive it in 
the direction of the opposite goal-line. 

12. A player may take up the ball whenever it is 
rolling or bounding, except in a scrimmage. 

13. It is not lawful to take up the ball when dead 
(except in order to bring it out after its has been 
touched down, in touch or in goal) for any purpose 
whatever. Whenever the ball shall have been so un- 
lawfully taken up, it shall at once be brought back to 
where it was so taken up, and there put down. 

14. In a scrimmage it is not lawful to touch the 
ball with the hand under any circumstances what- 
ever. 

15. It is lawful for any player who has the ball to 
run with it, and, if he does so, it is called a run. If 
a player runs with the ball until he gets behind his 
opponent's goal-line and there touches down, it is 
called a run in, 

16. It is lawful to run in anywhere across the goal- 
line. 

17. The goal-line is in goal, and the touch-line is in 
touch. 

18. In the event of any player holding or running 
with the ball being tackled, and the ball fairly held, 
he must at once cry ^^down," and there put it down. 

19. A maul in goal is when the holder of the ball 
is tackled inside a goal-line, or being tackled imme- 
diately outside, is carried or pused across it, and he on 
the opposite side, or both, endeavor to touch the ball 



63 

down. In all cases the ball, when so touched down, 
shall belong to the players of the side who first had 
possession of it, before the maul commenced, unless 
the opposite side have gained entire possession of it. 

20. In case of a inaul in goal those players only 
who are touching the ball with their hands, when it 
crosses the goal-line, may continue in the maul in goal, 
and when a player has once released his hold of the 
ball after it is inside the goal-line, he may not again 
join in the maul, and, if he attempts to do so, he may 
be dragged out by the opposite side. But if a player, 
when running in, is tackled inside the goal-line, then 
only the player who first tackled him, or if two or 
more tackle him simultaneously, they only may join in 
the maul. 

21. Immediately the ball, whether in the hands of a 
player or not, goes into touch in goal, it is at once 
dead and out of the game, and must be brought out 
as provided by Rules 41 and 42. 

22. Every player is on side, but is put off side if he 
enters a scrimmage from his opponent's side, or being 
in a scrimmage gets in front of the ball, or when the 
ball has been kicked, touched, or is being run with by 
any of his own side behind him, between himself and 
his own goal-line. No player can be off side in his 
own goal. 

23. Every player, when off side, is out of the game, 
and shall not touch the ball in any case whatever, 
either in or out of touch or goal, or in any way 



64 

interrupt or obstruct any player, until he is again on 
side. 

24. A player being off side, is put on side when the 
ball has been run with five yards, or kicked by, or has 
touched the dress or person of any player of the 
opposite side, or when one of his own side has run in 
front of him, either with a ball or having kicked it 
when behind him. 

25. "When a player has the ball, none of his oppo- 
nents who at the time are off side may commence or 
attempt to run, tackle, or otherwise interrupt such 
player, until he has run five yards. 

26. It is lawful for any player who has the ball to 
throw it back toward his own goal, or to pass it back, 
to any player of his own side who is at the time be- 
hind him, in accordance with the rules of on side, 

27. Knocking on, that is, deliberately hitting the 
ball with the hand, and (throwing forward) throwing 
the ball in the direction of the opponent's goal-line, 
are not lawful. If the ball be either knocked on or 
thrown forward, the captain of the opposite side may 
(unless a fair catch has been made as provided by the 
next rule) require to have it brought back to the spot 
where it was so knocked on or thrown forward, and 
there put down. 

28. A. fair catch is a catch made direct from a kick, 
or a throw forward, or a knock on, by one of the 
opposite side, or from a punt-out or a punt-on (see 
Kules 29 and 30), provided the catch makes a mark 



65 

with his heel at the spot where he has made the catch, 
and no other of his own side touch the ball. (See 
Rules 43 and 44.) 

29. A punt-out is a punt made after a touch-down 
by a player from behind his opponent's goal-line 
toward his own side, who must stand outside the goal- 
line and endeavor to make a fair catch, or to get the 
ball and run in or drop a goal. (See Rules 49 and 51.) 

30. A punt-on is a punt made in a manner similar 
to a punt-out, and from touch if necessary, by a 
player who has made a fair catch from a punt-out or 
another punt-on. 

31. If the ball goes into touch, the first player on his 
side who touches it down must bring it to the spot 
where it crossed the touch line; or if a player, when 
running with the ball, cross or put any part of either 
foot across the touch line, he must return with the ball 
to the spot where the line was so crossed, and thence 
return it into the field of play in one of the modes 
provided by the following rule. 

32. He must then himself, or by one of his own 
side, either 

i. Bound the ball in the field of play, and then 
run with it, kick it, or throw it back to his own 
side ; or, 

ii. Throw it out at right angles to the touch line ; 
or, 

iii. Walk out with it at right angles to the touch 
line any distance not less than jive nor more than 



m 

fifteen yards, and there put it down, first declaring 
how far he intends to walk out. 

33. If two or more players holding the ball are 
pushed into touchy the ball shall belong in touch to the 
player who first had hold of it in the field of play, 
and has not released his hold of it. 

34. If the ball, when thrown out of touch, be not 
thrown out at right angles to the touch line, the cap- 
tain of either side may at once claim to have it thrown 
out again. 

35. A catch made when the ball is thrown out of 
touch is not 2, fair catch, 

36. Kich off is a place kick from the centre of the 
field of play, and cannot count as a goal. The opposite 
side must stand at least ten yards in front of the ball 
until it has been kicked. If the ball pitch in touch it 
shall be brought back and kicked ofi" again. 

37. The ball shall be HcA;e^ o/. 

i. At the commencement of the game, 
ii. After a goal has been obtained, 
iii. After change of goals at half-time. 

38. Each side shall play from either goal for an 
equal time. 

39. The captains of the respective sides shall toss up 
before commencement of the match ; the winner of the 
toss shall have the option of choice of goals, or the kick 
off. 

40. Whenever a goal shall have been obtained, the 
side which has lost the goal shall then kick off. When 



goals have been changed at half-time, the side which 
did not kick off at the commencement of the game shall 
then kick off. 

41. Kick out is a drop-kick by one of the players of 
the side which has had to touch the ball down in their 
own goal, or into whose touch in goal the ball has gone 
(Rule 21), and is the mode of bringing the ball again 
into play, and cannot count as a goal. 

42. Kick out must be a drop-kick, and from not 
more than twenty-Jive yards outside the kicker's goal- 
line. If the ball, when kicked out, pitch in touch, it 
must be taken back and kicked out again. The kicker's 
side must be behind the ball when kicked out. 

43. A player who has made and claimed a fair 
catch shall thereupon either take a drop-kick, or a 
punt, or place the ball for a place-kick. 

44. After a fair catch has been made, the opposite 
side may come up to the catcher's mark, and (except 
in cases under Rule 50), the catcher's side retiring, the 
ball shall be kicked from such mark, or from a spot 
any distance behind it. 

45. A player may touch the ball down in his own 
goal at any time. 

46. A side, having touched the ball down in their 
opponent's goal, shall try at goal either by Si. place-kick 
or a punt-out. 

47. If a try at goal be made by place-kick, a player 
of the side who has touched the ball down shall bring 
it up to the goal-line (subject to Rule 48), in a straight 



68 

line from and opposite to the spot where the ball was 
touched down, and there make a mark on the goal -line, 
and thence walk straight out with it at right angles to 
the goal-line, such distance as he thinks proper, and 
there place it for another of his side to kick. The 
kicker's side must be behind the ball when it is kicked, 
and the opposite side must remain behind their goal- 
line until the ball has been placed on the ground. (See 
Kules 54 and 55.) 

48. If the ball has been touched down between the 
goal-posts, it must be brought out in a straight line 
from either of such posts. 

49. If the tri/ at goal be by a punt-out (see Kule 
29), a player of the side which has touched the ball 
down shall bring it straight up to the goal-line opposite 
to the spot where it was touched down, and there make 
a mark on the goal-line, and then punt-out. The op- 
posite must keep behind their goal-line until the ball 
has been kicked. (See Rules 54 and 55.) 

50. If a /air catch be made from a punt-out or a 
punt-on, the catcher may either proceed as provided by 
Hules 43 and 44, or himself take a punt-on; in which 
case the mark made on making the fair catch shall be 
regarded (for the purpose of determining as well the 
position of the player who makes the punt-on as of the 
other players of both sides) as the mark made on the 
goal-line in the case of a punt-out. 

51. A catch made in touch from a punt-out or a 
punt-on is not a fair catch; the ball must then be 



69 

taken or thrown out of touch, as provided by E,ule 32; 
but if the catch be made in touch in goal, the ball is 
at once dead, and must be kicked out, as provided by- 
Rules 41 and 42. 

52. When the ball has been touched down in the 
opponent's goal, none of the side in whose goal it has 
been so touched down shall touch it, or in any way 
displace it or interfere with the player of the other 
side, who may be taking it up or out. 

53. The ball is dead whenever a goal has been ob- 
tained; but if a try at goal be not successful, the kick 
should be considered as only an ordinary kick in the 
course of the game. 

54. Charging^ i. e., rushing forward to kick the ball 
or tackle a player, is lawful for the opposite side, in 
case the player who is bringing the ball out after a try 
at goal has been obtained (see Rules 47 and 48) shall 
fail to make a mark on the goal-line, in all cases of a 
place-kick after a fair catch, or upon a try at goal, im- 
mediately the ball touches or is placed upon the ground ; 
and in cases of a drop-kick or punt after a /air catch, 
as soon as the player having the ball commences to run 
or offers to kick, or the ball has touched the ground; but 
he may always draw back, and unless he has dropped 
the ball, or actually touched it with his foot, they must 
again retire to his mark. (See Rule 56.) The opposite 
side in the case of a punt-out or punt-on, and the 
kicker's side in all cases, may not charge until the ball 
has been kicked. 



70 

55. If a player, having the ball when about to punt it 
out, goes outside the goal-line, or, when about to punt- 
on, advances nearer to his ow^n goal-line than his mark, 
made on making the fair catch, or if, after the ball has 
been touched down in the opponent's goal, or a fair 
catch has been made, more than one player of the side 
which has so touched it down or made the fair catch, 
touch the ball before it is again kicked, the opposite 
side may charge at once. 

66. In cases of a fair catch the opposite side may 
come up to and charge from anywhere on or behind a 
line drawn through the mark made by the player who 
has made the catch, and parallel to their own goal- 
line; but in the case of 2, fair catch from d^ punt-out or 
a j)unt-on, they may not advance further in the direc- 
tion of the touch-line nearer to such mark than a line 
drawn through such mark to their goal-line, and parallel 
to such touch-line. In all cases (except a punt-out and 
a punt-on) the kicker's side must be behind the ball 
when it is kicked, but may not charge until it has been 
kicked. 

57. No hacking, or hacking over, or tripping up, shall 
be allowed under any circumstances. 

bS. No one wearing projecting nails, iron plates, or 
gutta percha on any part of his boots or shoes, shall be 
allowed to play in a match. 

59. That unless umpires be appointed, the captains 
of the respective sides shall be the sole arbiters of all 
disputes, and their decisions shall be final. If the cap- 



71 

tain of either side challenge the construction placed 
upon any rules, he shall have the right of appeal to 
the Rugby Union Committee. 

60. Neither half-time nor no side shall be called 
until the ball is fairly held or goes out of play ; and in 
the case of a try or fair catch the kick at goal shall be 
allowed.] — Laws of Athletics. 

Club-hall. 

[The game is thus named in Strutt's Pastimes. 
Recent publications refer to it as Ball-stick, and derive 
it from the German Ball-stock. 

Having choosen sides and tossed up for innings, the 
winning party occupies the home-base. The out-party 
station themselves over the play-ground, as indicated 
on our diagram where the home-party is shown thus 
!§], the out-party thus ®. The captain or best man of 



Waiting [a] 
to run back.fn] 



Bounds. 



Adjutant.)^ 



Feeder. 



Striker. [0] 
Eunning back.[n] 



DP? 
ml 

m^ 



Prisoners. 



Bounds. 



the out-party acts as ^^ feeder," the next best thrower 



72 

is stationed behind the prisoners, and a less prominent 
but active member of the party acts as adjutant, tak- 
ing up his place close to the feeder. It is his duty to 
hand rejected balls and ^^ tips " to the feeder, thus 
enabling the latter to keep always an eye upon the 
prisoners. — The bases are from 20 to 40 yards apart, 
and they are most conveniently made with painters' 
poles, 20 to 30 feet long. The bounds, beyond which 
the members of the home-party are not allowed to run, 
can be marked off with a few flags. The ball is about 
as thick as a fist ; a tennis-ball, covered with a netting 
of stout string, answ^ers very well. The club is 3 feet 
long, 2 inches wide at the top, and provided with a 
convenient handle. We will now describe the manner 
of playing. 

The first man of the home-party steps in front of the 
base, and takes up the club. The feeder throws up 
the ball about ten feet high, and in the direction of 
the striker, who may refuse to strike unless the ball 
is thrown up properly. If he hits the ball, he may 
endeavour to run to the out-base, if not, he proceeds by 
the shortest way to the prison. He must stop there, 
keeping one foot in contact with the base, until a 
chance occurs for running to the out-base. The second 
man of the home-party then takes up the club. If he 
also misses, he joins his comrade in prison, taking up 
his place inside of him. Prisoners must hold each 
other by the hands, and the prisoner nearest the home 
must keep one foot in contact with it. As soon as a 



73 

chance occurs, the prisoners run to the out-base, and 
back again to the home-base. It happens occasionally 
that the entire home-party, with the exception of one 
man, is either in prison or at the out-base. In such a 
case one or two of the best runners must risk return- 
ing home, even if the ball should not be struck. They 
start the moment the " feeder " has thrown up the ball. 
Any member of the out-party can throw at a man run- 
ning from base to base, but as a rule they should return 
the ball to the feeder as quickly as possible. 
The following is a set of rules : 

1. The club or stick shall be three feet long, half an 
inch thick, and two inches wide at the bottom. Each 
side shall be at liberty to provide its own clubs, and 
the same club must be used throughout the game. 

2. The ball used shall be an ordinary tennis ball, 
covered with a netting of stout twine. 

3. The bases shall be forty yards apart, the bounds 
twenty yards. 

4. The feeder shall take his position three yards 
from the striker. He must throw up the ball about 
ten feet high, and in such a manner that the striker 
may strike it conveniently. 

5. The striker shall be at liberty to refuse two balls, 
whether they be thrown fairly or not, but he cannot 
refuse the third ball, if thrown fairly in the opinion 
of the judge. 

6. The men of the in-party shall strike the ball in 
the following order: First, the man throusjh whom 



74 

they won their innings, then the feeder, and then the 
rest, in any order they may fix upon. But after all 
have had struck once, they shall strike in the order in 
which they return from the out-base. 

7. The in-party loses its innings in the following 
cases : 

i. If the ball is caught from the club by one of 
the out-party. 

ii. If a member of the in-party is hit with the 
ball whilst not in contact with one of the bases, ex- 
cept when proceeding from the strike to prison. 

iii. If the ball is in the hands of the feeder with- 
out a member of the in-party being ready with the 
club to strike it. 

iv. If the ball is touched with the fingers by one 
of the in-party. 

V. If the striker throws the club behind the base, 
or takes it away with him, instead of putting it 
down gently. 

vi. If one of the in-party passes beyond bounds. 

8. One point is allowed every time the ball is hit 
with the club. One hundred points (or the highest 
number of points in three innings) decide a match.] — 
Handhooh of GyTnnastics and Athletics. 

Push-Bali, 
[The ball is about twelve inches diameter, covered 
with strong leather, and weighs from eight to ten 
pounds. The homes are at least thirty yards apart. 



75 

It is the object of each party to send the ball into the 
home of the other. 

The captains toss up for the first throw. The ball 
must be thrown both hands raised above the shoulder, 
and it must leave the hands at an ascending angle. A 
run is permitted. The opposite party seek to stop the 
progress of the ball by pushing it back, with hands 
raised above the head. If they catch the ball, or 
throw it back with hands lower than the shoulders, 
then the ball is considered to have touched the ground 
at the spot where it was caught or stopped in this 
irregular manner. The umpires should each carry a 
stick to indicate the spot where the ball touched the 
ground and from which it is to be thrown, and the 
thrower is not permitted to step beyond this stick. 
Our diagram shows the positions of the players. 

Bounds. 







u 

1 






a 


H ^ a 


2 

m 


s _ s 
® _ ® 

® _ ® 






°H 


Judge. 







Bounds. ® Judge. 



The following is a set of rules : 

1. The ball to be of leather stuffed with wool, and 
not to exceed eight pounds in weight. The homes to 
be sixty yards apart, the bounds twenty yards. 



76 

2. The first throw to be decided by lot, and to be 
delivered from a spot three yards from the middle of 
the play ground, in the direction of the home of the 
party throwing. 

3. The ball must be thrown with hands raised above 
the shoulders, and at an ascending angle. If thrown 
in defiance of this rule, or beyond bounds, the other 
side shall be entitled to demand that it be thrown 
again and from the same spot. 

4. If the thrower steps beyond the spot marked on 
the ground by the umpire, the other side may demand 
that the ball be thrown again. 

5. The ball must be stopped and pushed back with 
hands raised above the shoulders, and the man who 
first touched it throws it from the spot where it first 
touched the ground. 

6. If caught or thrown back with hands lower than 
the shoulders, the ball shall be considered to have 
touched the ground at the spot where it was caught 
or stopped in this irregular manner. The same rule 
applies to carrying or " butting " with the shoulder. 

7. Each party to number ten men and a captain. 
Sides are changed after each game. 

8. Three games out of five to decide a match. 

9. There shall be one judge, whose decision is final, 
or a judge to each side, and a referee.] — Handbook of 
Gymnastics and Athletics. 



Prison. 



Prison. 



77 

Prison-Bars, 
[This game is described in '' Strutt's Pastimes." It 
is played differently in various parts of the country. 
The rules, which we give, appear to coincide with those 
in force in Strutt's time. They are observed also in 
Germany, where the game is known as Barlaufen. 
The homes are forty yards apart. Each party takes 
Umpire. possession of One of the 
5 ?.^™...!.*. homes. The prisons are in- 
dicated by a flag-staff placed 
three yards in front of each 
home as shown in the dia- 
^ ^ gram. The number of play- 
umpire. ers may vary from 10 to 50 
to each side. 

The game is opened by a challenge on the part of the 
leader who had the first choice. He proceeds to the 
other home and selects one of the men. The man 
selected must hold out his hand ; the challenger gives 
him three taps, quick or slow, as he thinks best, and 
starts back for his own home, the man challenged, and 
he alone, starting in pursuit. The party of the chal- 
lenger may send one or more to the rescue, and it is a 
rule throughout the game that the man latest from his 
home "bars" all those out before him; that is, he can 
take any of them prisoner if he overtakes him, but 
cannot be made prisoner himself. ,The challenge is 
repeated every time a prisoner is made or liberated, 
but in these cases the captor or the liberator challenges, 



78 

and not the captain. If a prisoner is made the umpire 
calls out ^^ Stop!" when all players return to their 
homes. The prisoner is taken to prison. He stands 
astride, touching with one foot the stake or staff mark- 
ing the prison, the other leg being astride, and the 
hand extended towards his own party. If a second 
prisoner is made he is placed inside the first. The 
prisoners must join hands. The prisoners are liberated 
if one of them is touched by a member of their own 
party before the latter is struck by one of the guards 
set to watch the prisoners. The rescue of prisoners 
forms one of the most exciting parts of the game. 
Some of the best men should be set to watch them^ and 
they must keep a careful watch and run out in turns. 
Each man can run out, as a matter of course, but too 
many should not run out at a time, in order that an 
efficient reserve may always be in the home. Much 
depends on the captains judgement in placing and 
sending out his best runners. When the ground is 
free of players, one party sends out a "decoy" to entice 
men of the other party to leave their home; good run- 
ners should always be ready to come to the rescue of 
the decoys. 

The following are the rules of the game : 

1. The homes to be forty yards apart and fifteen 
yards long; a prison, marked by a flag, to be three 
yards in front of each home, and at opposite corners of 
the play ground. 



79 

2. Each game is opened by a cliallenge on the part 
of the captain who had the first choice. 

3. The challenge is repeated every time a prisoner is 
taken or liberated, but in these cases by the captor or 
the liberator. 

4. The challenger can be pursued only by the man 
challenged, but his own party may send men to the 
rescue. 

5. Any man touched by a man of the other party, 
who left his home later than he did, is prisoner. 

6. The game stops as soon as a prisoner is taken, 
until the captor has challenged ; and the same rule is 
observed after a prisoner has been liberated. Two 
prisoners cannot thus be made in succession. 

7. Any man running beyond bounds is a prisoner. 

8. If anyone reaches the home of the other party 
without being touched, he is allowed to return to his 
own home outside the bounds. 

9. As long as there is only one prisoner he must 
touch the stake marking the prison with one foot. If 
there are several prisoners they must join hands, the 
one last taken touching the stake with one foot. 

10. The prisoner or prisoners are liberated and free 
to return to their home if one of them is touched by 
one of their own party, without the intending liberator 
being touched himself. 

11. If one of the prisoners leaves his place previous 
to being touched in this manner, then they are not 



80 

liberated ; nor is their intending liberator to be taken 
prisoner, unless touched before he reached them. 

12. Each game to be over and sides to be changed 
when there are three prisoners (or four, when there are 
over fifteen players to each side). 

13. The decisions of the umpires to be final.] — 
Handbook of Gymnastics and A tJiletics. 

Hare and Hounds. 
[This is a game for the open country. One player is 
hare. He is provided with a bag full of small pieces 
of paper, one of which he drops every ten paces. 
This is the scent. Another player is huntsman, a third 
whipper-in, and the rest are hounds. The whipper-in 
is furnished with a red flag, and the huntsman carries 
a white flag. The hare is allowed a start of five or ten 
minutes, when the others go in pursuit. The hunts- 
man comes first, followed by the hounds, and the whip- 
per-in brings up the rear. They all walk or run in 
single file. If the huntsman loses the scent, he calls 
out '' Lost ! " The whipper-in then stations himself 
with his flag at the place where the last piece of paper 
was found, and the rest wheel round in a circle, keep- 
ing in line, when one of them is sure to recover the 
scent. The huntsman then sounds his horn, and the 
chase is continued over fields, hedges, and ditches. At 
last the hare is in sight. The huntsman encourages 
his followers to fresh efforts, but the hare, after all, 
may evade his pursuers and reach home before them. 



81 

The hounds are not allowed to make short cuts, but 
must follow the scent as indicated by the slips of paper. 
After such a hot game it is advisable to walk about 
for some time, and to change clothes in a warm room.] 
— Handbook of Gymnastics and A thletics. 

The Cock Fight, 
[Each side station themselves in their home. On a 
signal, by the umpire, they all leave their homes, and, 
hopping on one foot, they approach each other. Arms 
are folded on the chest, and each player then rushes 
at one of the antagonists, and endeavors to force him 
to put down his leg. Anyone putting down his leg is 
'' dead," and must join the umpire, who, after the 
melee has lasted some time, gives the signal to retire. 
Each side then returns to its home ; but, having rested 
a short time, the players again sally forth, this time 
hopping on the other leg. The game is continued until 
all the men of one side are dead.] — Handbook of Gym- 
nastics and Athletics. 



To entitle a performance to a place in the athletic 
"records" of this association, the following certificate 
must be affixed to the record and be signed by at least 
three of the "Officers of the Tournament" who were 
witnesses thereof : 

"We the undersigned hereby affirm that the fore- 
going record is correct, and that we were official wit- 



82 

nesses to its accomplishment in a public tournament 

held at __ , under the rules of the 

American Army Athletic Association and open to 

officers and men belonging to , 

U. S. Army." 

1. ., U. S. Army. ^ Judge. 

2. _ ..._., „ >- Measurer. 

3 , „ j Timekeeper^ etc. 



SOME OF THE BEST ATHLETIC PEK- 
FORMANCES ON EECORD. 



These will serve as standards of excellence until 
beaten."^ 

Walking. 

1 mile.— 6 min. 23 sec, W. Perkins, Ef, 1874. 6 
min. 44 J sec, T. H. Armstrong, A^. 7 min. 30 sec, 
Chas. Eldredge, A P, 1877. 

3 miles.— 20 min. 47 sec, W. Perkins, Ef, 1878. 
21 min. 36 sec, H. Venn, E^ 1878. 21 min. 42 sec, 
T. H. Armstrong, A^, 1878. 

Running. 
100 yards. — 9J sec, George Seward of U. S., in Ef, 
1844. 10 sec, W. C. Wilmer, A"^., 1878. 10^ sec, 

* [Amateur performances are designated by a *; professional by a t. 
A stands for American (U. S.) ; A I, for American (U. S.) Inter-Collegiate; 
C, for Canadian; E, for English; S, for Scottish; I, for Irish.] 



83 

C. L. Lockton, E^, 1879; H. H. Lee, A P, 1877. 
101 sec, W. T. Arthurs, C^, 1879. 

220 yards.— 22^ sec, W. P. Phillips, E^ • 1878. 
22| sec, W. C. Wilmer, A^, 1878. 231 sec , H. H. 
Lee, A I^ 1877. 24f sec, W. T. Arthurs, C^, 1878. 

440 yards.— 481 sec, E Buttery, Ef, 1873. 49^^ 
sec, L. E. Myers, A*, 1879. 51^ sec, E. Storey, E^, 
1879. 531 sec, W. T. Arthurs, C^ 1878. 54 sec, 
G. M. Hammond, A I^, 1877. 

880 yards. — 1 min. 53| sec, Frank Hewit, New 
Zealand^, 1871. 1 min. 571 sec, F. T. Elborough, E^, 
1876. 2 min. 13f sec, Ed. Merritt, C^, 1878. 2 
min. 6| sec, David Trumbull, A P, 1875. 

1 mile. — 4 min. 17^ sec, W. Richards and W. Lang, 
dead heat, Ef, 1865. 4 min. 241 gee, W. Slade, E^, 

1875. 4 min. 375^ sec, W. J. Duffy, A^ 1879. 4 min. 
441 sec, C. H. Barber, A P, 1875. 4 min. 52| sec, 
H. M. Pellatt, C^, 1878. 

3 miles.— 14 min. 36 sec, J. White, Ef, 1863. 14 
min. 46 sec, J. Gibb, E^, 1877. 15 min. 38^ sec, P. 
J. McDonald, A^, 1879. 

Jumpinq, 

High jump, standing. — 5 ft. 3 in., E. W. Johnston, 
A^, 1878. 4 ft. 10 in., E. Moore, E^. 4 ft. 6| in., F. 
Larkin, A I^. 

High jump, running. — 6 ft. 2| in., M. J. Brooks, E*, 

1876. 5 ft. 81 in., J. P. Conover, A P, 1879. 5 ft. 
7 in., W. Wunder, A^, 1879. 



84 

Broad jump, standing. — 11 ft. 2 J in., E. W. John- 
ston, A^, 1878. 10 ft. 3f in., R Larkin, A P, 1879. 

Broad jump, running. — 23 ft. 1^ in., J. Lane, E^, 
1874. 21 ft. 5 in., F. Davis, Af, 1878. 20 ft. J. P. 
Conover, A P, 1879. 19 ft. 6f in., E. J. Kilpatrick, 
A^ 1879. 

Three jumps, standing. — 35 ft. 8 in., P. P. Mulgrave, 
A^ 1872. 

Ten jumps, standing. — 110 ft. 4 in., P. McNeely, 
A^ 1848. 

Hop, step, and jump, standing. — 40 ft. 2 in., I. 
Anderson, Ef, 1865. 

Hop, step, and jump, running. — 47 ft. 7 in., B. 
Knox, Et, 1870. 46 ft. 8 in., Alex. Dobsen, C^, 1879. 

Hitch and kick. — 9 ft. 8 in., Jas. Corsair, Af, 1874. 

9 ft., E. W. Johnson, Cf. 81 ft., A. H. Oakes, A^. 
Hurdle race, 120 yards, 10 flights. — 16 sec, C. IST. 

Jackson, E-^, 1865. 17^ sec, H. E. Eicken, A^ 1878. 
Pole leaping, high.— 11 ft. 2f in., T. Bay, E^, 1879. 

10 ft. 5f in., W. T. Yan Houten, A^ 1879. 

Miscellaneous Sports. 

Putting the shot, 16 pounds. — 50 ft. 9 in., Donald 
Dinnie, Ef, 1878. 37 ft. 10 in., Cuzner, C^ 1878. 
33 ft. 81 in., E. Larkin, A P, 1879. 

Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds, with a run. — 
162 ft., Donald Dinnie, Sf, 1872. 138 ft. 3 in., G. H. 
Hules, E^ 1876. 

Throwing the hammer, 16 pounds, standing. — 138 



85 

ft., Donald Dinnie, Sf, 1873. 87 ft. 1 in., F. Larkin, 
A I^ 1879. 

Throwing 56 pound weight. — 29 ft. 2 in., C. Wads- 
worth, P, 1874. 27 ft. Geo. Davidson, C^, 1879. 23 
ft. 11 in., W. B. Curtis, A^, 1879. 

Throwing the base-ball, distance. — 400 ft. 7^ in., 
John Hatfield, Af, 1872. 368 ft. 6 in., J. M. Mann, 
A P, 1876. 360 ft., Trinity College, A P, 1879. 

Hopping. — Ed. Turner, Ef, 80 yards in II5 sec, 
1878. 

Back jump. — 9 ft. 6 in., Frank Gormley, At, 1879. 

Foot-ball. — 65 yards and through the goal posts, 
Melbourne, Australia, 1877. 

Greatest distance run in one hour. — 11 nules 970 
yards, L. BenneLt (deer foot), Ef, 1863. 

Sack race. — 1 mile in 11| min., Anthony Thorp, 
Artillery ground, London, 1774. 



86 



INDIVIDUAL ATHLETIC RECORD. 



Name Nationality 

Born at Rank Station 

Age Weight Height 

Chest measure, expanded ; exhausted 

Size of fore-arm ; upper arm, bent 

Number of personal lifts (from arms-length to chin), 

no rest 100-yard dash .... 220-yard run .... 

440-yard run 880-yard run 1 mile run 

: . 3 mile run 1 mile walk 

3 mile walk High jump, standing ; 

High jump, running Broad jump, standing, 

; broad jump, running Hop, skip, 

and jump. .... 3 standing jumps. ... 10 standing 

jumps Hurdle race Window leap 

Hitch and kick Vaulting ..... Pole leaping, 

high ......; pole leaping, broad ...... Putting the 

shot, 1.6 pounds. ....... Throwing the hammer, 16 

pounds ..... Throwing the 56-pound weight 

Climbing the rope Throwing the base-ball, 

accuracy ......; throwing the base-ball, distance 

Military. 

Throwing the hand grenade, accuracy ; throwing 

the hand grenade, distance ... Throwing the javelin, 
accuracy ; throwing the javelin, distance 



87 

Standing jump (full equipment), high ; standing 

jump (full equipment), broad Running jump 

(full equipment), high ; running jump (full 

equipment), broad 100-yard dash (full equip- 
ment) ; 440-yard dash (full equipment) 

1 mile walk (full equipment) 1 mile run (full 

equipment) Obstacle race (120 yards), 10 

obstructions (full equipment) Rolling the 

Artillery wheel, 100 yards 

Miscellaneous, 



Date. 






«k5^**^ — *" 



^' PRIZE CERTIFICATE. "^^p. 



j?:/' — iiii^iii — ^'-^ 



Oi* Wftiw It nan i0«i;er«O 

^iEEETING: This is to certify that at a duly 

T ^ ^ 
organized Athletic Tournament, publicly held at. 

, and open to officers and men of the 

Regular Army of the United States, belonging to the 

^._ Branches 

of this Association: 

[Name.^ 

\_Ba7ik.^ 

\^Station.'\ -__ 

took in a fair contest under the rules of this Associa- 
tion _ .place for excelling in 

[JRecord.~\ , 

He is therefore announced as 



[Date.] U, S. Army. 

[Station.] 



'-' .'v^^-ip^-^'S:^^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS f 

029 726 842 91 



